• IgG

    AMiNOASiTLERiN GENEL OZELLiKLERĐ

    AMĐNOASĐTLERĐN GENEL ÖZELLĐKLERĐ
    Aminoasitlerin Yapısı
    1. Prolin hariç aminoasitler
    • ” R” yan zinciri ifade eder ve bir aminoasidin proteindeki rolünü belirleyen kısmıdır.
    • Amino ve karboksil kısımları peptid bağının yapısına katılırlar ve hidrojen bağı olusumu dısında herhangi bir
    kimyasal reaksiyona girmezler.
    • Fizyolojik pH’da (7,4) amino grupları protonlanır (+ yüklü) – karboksil grupları disosiye olur (- yüklü)
    2. Prolin
    • Amino yerine imino grubu içerir. Prolin’in yan zinciri alfa-amino grubuyla birleserek bir halka yapısı
    olusturur ve bu nedenle imino grubu tasır.
    Amino grubu tasıyan aminoasitler (Prolin hariç hepsi) ninhidrinile mor kompleks olusturur.
    Đmino grubu tasıyan aminoasit (Prolin) ninhidrin ile sarı kompleks olusturur.
    Sınıflaması
    1-Nonpolar aminoasitler
    • Kimyasal reaksiyonlara katılmayan non-polar bir yan zincir içerirler.
    o Bu yan zincirler hidrofobik olduklarından sulu çözeltilerde bulunan proteinlerin iç kısımlarını
    doldurmaya çalısırlar ve proteinlerin üç boyutlu yapısından sorumludurlar.
    1.Alifatik non-polar aminoasitler
    1.Alanin
    Yan zincir olarak hidrofobik bir metil grubu içerir. (Oligosakkaritlerle bağ YAPAMAZ)
    Fonksiyonları:
    1.Dolasımda amonyak tasır
    2.Glisin
    Yan zincir olarak bir H iyonu tasır.
    Optik olarak aktif olmayan tek aa’dir (Polarize ısık düzlemini çeviremez).
    Fonksiyonları:
    1.Kollajenin yapısında bulunur (Kollajenin yapısında her 3 aa’den biri glisindir).
    2.AsetilCoA, Glutatyon, Hem, Porfirin ve Pürin sentezine katılır (Melanin sentezine KATILMAZ)
    3.KC’de safra asit konjugasyonu ve detoksifikasyonunda kullanılır.
    3.Dallı zincirli alifatik aminoasitler
    1. Đzolösin (Yan zincirinde iki asimetrik karbon atomu tasıdığından dört izomeri vardır.)
    2. Lösin
    3. Valin
    2.Aromatik non-polar aminoasitler (UV ısığı absorbe ederler)
    1.Fenilalanin
    Yan zincir olarak hidrofobik bir fenil halkası tasır.
    Fonksiyonları:
    1.UV ısığı absorbe ettiğinden spektrofotometrik olarak bir solusyondaki protein konsantrasyonunun
    ölçümünde kullanılır.
    2.Triptofan
    Yan zincir olarak indol halkası tasır.
    Fonksiyonları:
    1.Melatonin, nikotinamid ve seratonin’in prekürsörüdür.
    2.UV ısığı absorbe ettiğinden spektrofotometrik olarak bir solusyondaki protein konsantrasyonunun
    ölçümünde kullanılır.
    3.Kükürtlü non-polar aminoasitler
    1.Metionin
    Yan zincirinde kükürt bağlı bir metil grubu tasır.
    Fonksiyonları:
    1.Protein sentezini baslatır.
    2.Transmetilasyon reaksiyonlarında S-adenozil metionin seklinde metil grubu vericisidir
    3.Vücuttaki kükürt içeren bilesiklerin hemen hemen hepsinin kaynağıdır.
    4.Ornitin ile birlikte spermin ve spermidin’in öncülüdür.
    4.Đmino içeren non-polar aminoasitler
    1.Prolin
    Amino yerine imino grubu içerir.
    Rotasyonu engelleyen rijit bir halka yapısı vardır. Bu nedenle polipeptid zincirlerinde katlanmayı zorlastırır.
    Fonksiyonları:
    1.Kollajenin yapısında bulunur.
    2-Polar aminoasitler
    1.Yüksüz polar aminoasitler
    1.Aromatik polar aminoasitler
    1.Tirozin
    Fenilalaninden sentezlenir.
    Yan zincir olarak fenolik hidroksil grubu tasır.
    Fizyolojik pH’da aniyonize haldedir.
    Fonksiyonları:
    1.Melanin, katekolamin ve tiroksin’in öncülüdür.
    2.UV ısığı absorbe ettiğinden spektrofotometrik olarak bir solusyondaki protein konsantrasyonunun
    ölçümünde kullanılır.
    2.Hidroksilli polar aminoasitler
    1.Serin
    Zayıf asidik OH grubu içerir.
    Protein yapısında fosforlanan en önemli aa’dir.
    Fosforile olan aa’ler (Proteinlerin fosforilasyonu sırasında fosfat alıcısı aa’ler)
    1.Serin
    2.Tirozin
    3.Treonin
    Fonksiyonları:
    1.Birçok enzimin aktif bölgesini olusturur
    2.Fosfo- ve glikoproteinlerdeki bağların yapısında bulunur.
    2.Treonin
    Yan zincirinde iki asimetrik karbon atomu tasıdığından dört izomeri vardır.
    Fonksiyonları:
    1.Fosfo- ve glikoproteinlerdeki bağların yapısında bulunur.
    3.Kükürtlü polar aminoasitler
    1.Sistein
    Ancak metionin varlığında sentezlenebilir.
    Yan zincirinde sülfidril (-SH) grubu tasır.
    Fonksiyonları:
    1.Bir çok enzimin aktif bölgesinde bulunur.
    2.Keratinde bulunur.
    3.Đki sistein’in -SH grupları okside olarak (disülfid (S-S) bağı olusturarak) sistin molekülü olusturur.
    4.Taurin’in kaynağıdır (Safra tuzu olusumunda rol .................More Read....

    Absorbance Assay (280 nm)

    Absorbance Assay (280 nm)

    Considerations for use

    Absorbance assays are fast and convenient, since no additional reagents or incubations are required. No protein standard need be prepared. The assay does not consume the protein. The relationship of absorbance to protein concentration is linear. Because different proteins and nucleic acids have widely varying absorption characteristics there may be considerable error, especially for unknowns or protein mixtures. Any non-protein component of the solution that absorbs ultraviolet light will intefere with the assay. Cell and tissue fractionation samples often contain insoluble or colored components that interfere. The most common use for the absorbance assay is to monitor fractions from chromatography columns, or any time a quick estimation is needed and error in protein concentration is not a concern. An absorbance assay is recommended for calibrating bovine serum albumin or other pure protein solutions for use as standards in other methods.

    Principle

    Proteins in solution absorb ultraviolet light with absorbance maxima at 280 and 200 nm. Amino acids with aromatic rings are the primary reason for the absorbance peak at 280 nm. Peptide bonds are primarily responsible for the peak at 200 nm. Secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structure all affect absorbance, therefore factors such as pH, ionic strength, etc. can alter the absorbance spectrum.

    Equipment

    In addition to standard liquid handling supplies a spectrophotometer with UV lamp and quartz cuvette are required.

    Procedure

    Carry out steps 1-4 (280 nm only) for a very rough estimate. Carry out all steps if nucleic acid contamination is likely.
    1. Warm up the UV lamp (about 15 min.)
    2. Adjust wavelength to 280 nm
    3. Calibrate to zero absorbance with buffer solution only
    4. Measure absorbance of the protein solution
    5. Adjust wavelength to 260 nm
    6. Calibrate to zero absorbance with buffer solution only
    7. Measure absorbance of the protein solution

    Analysis

    Unknown proteins or protein mixtures. Use the following formula to roughly estimate protein concentration. Path length for most spectrometers is 1 cm.

    Concentration (mg/ml) = Absorbance at 280 nm divided by path length (cm.)

    Pure protein of known absorbance coefficient. Use the following formula for a path length of 1 cm. Concentration is in mg/ml, %, or molarity depending on which type coefficient is used.

    concentration = Absorbance at 280 nm divided by absorbance coefficient

    To convert units, use these relationships:

    Mg protein/ml = % protein divided by 10 = molarity divided by protein molecular weight

    Unknowns with possible nucleic acid contamination. Use the following formula to estimate protein concentration:

    Concentration (mg/ml) = (1.55 x A280) – 0.76 x A260)

    Comments

    Cold solutions can fog up the cuvette, while warm solutions can release bubbles and interfere with the readings. For concentrated solutions (absorbance greater than 2) simply dilute the solution.

    Absorbance coefficients of some common protein standards:

    • Bovine serum albumin (BSA): 63
    • Bovine, human, or rabbit IgG: 138
    • Chicken ovalbumin: 70

    References

    • Layne, E. Spectrophotometric and Turbidimetric Methods for Measuring Proteins. Methods in Enzymology 3: 447-455. 1957.
    • Stoscheck, CM. Quantitation of Protein. Methods in Enzymology 182: 50-69. 1990.
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    Bradford protein assay

    Bradford protein assay

    Considerations for use

    The Bradford assay is very fast and uses about the same amount of protein as the Lowry assay. It is fairly accurate and samples that are out of range can be retested within minutes. The Bradford is recommended for general use, especially for determining protein content of cell fractions and assesing protein concentrations for gel electrophoresis.

    Assay materials including color reagent, protein standard, and instruction booklet are available from Bio-Rad Corporation. The method described below is for a 100 µl sample volume using 5 ml color reagent. It is sensitive to about 5 to 200 micrograms protein, depending on the dye quality. In assays using 5 ml color reagent prepared in lab, the sensitive range is closer to 5 to 100 µg protein. Scale down the volume for the “microassay procedure,” which uses 1 ml cuvettes. Protocols, including use of microtiter plates are described in the flyer that comes with the Bio-Rad kit.

    Principle

    The assay is based on the observation that the absorbance maximum for an acidic solution of Coomassie Brilliant Blue G-250 shifts from 465 nm to 595 nm when binding to protein occurs. Both hydrophobic and ionic interactions stabilize the anionic form of the dye, causing a visible color change. The assay is useful since the extinction coefficient of a dye-albumin complex solution is constant over a 10-fold concentration range.

    Equipment

    In addition to standard liquid handling supplies a visible light spectrophotometer is needed, with maximum transmission in the region of 595 nm, on the border of the visible spectrum (no special lamp or filter usually needed). Glass or polystyrene (cheap) cuvettes may be used, however the color reagent stains both. Disposable cuvettes are recommended.

    Procedure

    Reagents

    1. Bradford reagent: Dissolve 100 mg Coomassie Brilliant Blue G-250 in 50 ml 95% ethanol, add 100 ml 85% (w/v) phosphoric acid. Dilute to 1 liter when the dye has completely dissolved, and filter through Whatman #1 paper just before use.
    2. (Optional) 1 M NaOH (to be used if samples are not readily soluble in the color reagent).

    The Bradford reagent should be a light brown in color. Filtration may have to be repeated to rid the reagent of blue components. The Bio-Rad concentrate is expensive, but the lots of dye used have apparently been screened for maximum effectiveness. “Homemade” reagent works quite well but is usually not as sensitive as the Bio-Rad product.

    Assay

    1. Warm up the spectrophotometer before use.
    2. Dilute unknowns if necessary to obtain between 5 and 100 µg protein in at least one assay tube containing 100 µl sample
    3. If desirred, add an equal volume of 1 M NaOH to each sample and vortex (see Comments below). Add NaOH to standards as well if this option is used.
    4. Prepare standards containing a range of 5 to 100 micrograms protein (albumin or gamma globulin are recommended) in 100 µl volume. See how to set up an assay for suggestions as to setting up the standards.
    5. Add 5 ml dye reagent and incubate 5 min.
    6. Measure the absorbance at 595 nm.

    Analysis

    Prepare a standard curve of absorbance versus micrograms protein and determine amounts from the curve. Determine concentrations of original samples from the amount protein, volume/sample, and dilution factor, if any.

    Comments

    The dye reagent reacts primarily with arginine residues and less so with histidine, lysine, tyrosine, tryptophan, and phenylalanine residues. Obviously, the assay is less accurate for basic or acidic proteins. The Bradford assay is rather sensitive to bovine serum albumin, more so than “average” proteins, by about a factor of two. Immunoglogin G (IgG – gamma globulin) is the preferred protein standard. The addition of 1 M NaOH was suggested by Stoscheck (1990) to allow the solubilization of membrane proteins and reduce the protein-to-protein variation in color yield.

    References

    • Bradford, MM. A rapid and sensitive for the quantitation of microgram quantitites of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Analytical Biochemistry 72: 248-254. 1976.
    • Stoscheck, CM. Quantitation of Protein. Methods in Enzymology 182: 50-69 (1990).

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